Latest Stores. Latest Stores. Prussian blue is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. It has the chemical formula Fe III 4 Fe II CN 6 3.Another name for the color is Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue. Turnbull's blue is the same substance, but is made from different reagents, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities.
Crest Badge of Clan Turnbull
Clan Turnbull is an armigerous Scottish clan.
- 1History
History[edit]
Origins of the name[edit]
A legendary account of the Turnbull name was told by Hector Boece, in his History of Scotland. Boece tells the legend that during the Wars of Scottish Independence William of Rule saved King Robert Bruce by wrestling to the ground a bull that had charged at the King. For this feat, the King rewarded William with the lands of Philiphaugh, now part of Selkirk, and dubbed Rule 'Turnebull' (the 'e' was later dropped from the name).
It seems more probable,[1] however, that Turnbull is derived from the Old EnglishTrumbald[2] or French Tumbald (meaning 'strong and bold'),[3] or that Robertus de Turnbulyes, who swore fealty to King Edward I of England in 1296, could be the family father.[citation needed]
Despite the dispute over the origin of the Turnbull name, historians[who?] agree that:
- Robert the Bruce awarded lands in Philiphaugh to William Turnebull.[4]
- William Turnebull assumed a bull's head as his heraldic symbol[citation needed] with the motto, 'I Saved The King'[citation needed] — both of which have been incorporated into the Turnbull clan crest.[citation needed]
- The name Turnebull was not recorded before 1315,[citation needed] when William was awarded the lands in Philiphaugh — and following this time,[citation needed] use of the Rule surname dwindled while use of the Turnebull surname increased.[citation needed]
The Turnbulls were to become one of the most turbulent of the Borders families.[5] A Scottish nobleman, sent to see if the Turnbulls would back their claim to the throne, reported back that they had no care at all for politicians but always yearned for a fight.[citation needed]
Before the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, a champion on the Scottish side, a huge man named Turnbull, accompanied by a huge black mastiff,[6] approached the English host and challenged anyone to single combat.[7] Sir Robert Benhale, a Norfolk knight, answered the challenge and killed both Turnbull and his dog.[8] Benhale returned to the English host, bearing Turnbull's head as a trophy.[9][10][11]
Major Gordon Turnbull led the vicious counterattack on the French Cavalry by the 2nd Scots Greys at Waterloo.[citation needed] Though outnumbered some 2-1,[citation needed] the Scots broke Napoleon's famed cavalry,[citation needed] and the Greys destroyed most of Napoleon's legendary Nogue's brigade, resulting in the capture of the eagle of the 45th Ligne. According to Wellington, they 'had little tactical ability or nous'[common sense], 'but fought like raging bulls'. This was taken as a compliment by their Turnbull leader, whose son, brother and three cousins rode into battle: five were wounded and one died. James Hamilton, overall commander of the Greys and the other Scottish cavalry regiment (who were supposed to form a reserve), ordered a continuation of the charge to the French Grande Batterie. Though the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off, they put many out of action as the gun crews fled the battlefield. Some historians note that this action had a very direct outcome on the battle itself.
James Youll Turnbull VC.
Two Turnbulls were Scottish recipients of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The most famous being James Youll Turnbull, who single-handedly held a position for 24 hours, against almost a full regiment of Germans, with a machine gun in World War I. Each time the British tried to send reinforcements, they were wiped out due to the open ground exposing them to deadly crossfire. The ground was held by Turnbull singlehandedly, and this story became renowned for the British people in the dark days of the war. He died the next day while leading a Brigade of Highlanders on a grenade attack, which eventually turned the tide of the deadly stalemate where some 50,000 soldiers on both sides became casualties.
Winston Churchill himself wrote on this defense in his book stating: On 1 July 1916 at Leipzig Salient, Authuille, France, Sergeant Turnbull's party captured a post of apparent importance to the enemy who immediately began heavy counter-attacks, which were continued throughout the day. Although his party was wiped out and replaced several times, Sergeant Turnbull never wavered in his determination to hold the post, the loss of which would have been very serious. Almost single-handed he maintained his position, displaying the highest degree of valour and skill in the performance of his duty. Later in the day he was killed while engaged in a bombing counter-attack. The Germans were said, after seeing the body of Turnbull in his uniform kilt, to call him and all Scots 'The Devils in Dress' and 'Ladies from Hell!'
The Turnbulls held land throughout the Borders.[citation needed] They were the only clan to have a bounty placed on them by the King.[citation needed] William Turnbull received a charter from Robert the Bruce in 1315 to land near Philiphaugh,[12] and John Turnbull received the lands of Hundleshope from King David II of Scotland.[13]
15th to 18th centuries[edit]
John Turnbull, nicknamed 'Outwith sword', for his fierce temper, is listed as a Scots prisoner of war in England around 1400. William Turnbull held a papal appointment in 1433 and this same name appears as one of the canons of Glasgow Cathedral in 1452. Stephen Tournebulle represented Scottish interests at the University of Orleans at the beginning of the sixteenth century. William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow, procured from the Pope a charter to establish a university in Glasgow in 1450. The Bishop's vision was realised when the University of Glasgow was founded in 1451.
Many Turnbull families moved into the Cheviot Hills and into the northern lands of Northumberland depending on the politics of the day and the King of the day. Those who became 'English' also changed from their Presbyterian roots to being Church of England. For example, John Turnbull was born at Roddam in 1789 in the Anglican Parish of Ilderton, but was baptised in the nearby Presbyterian Church at Branton. There were many small Presbyterian Churches dotted around Northumberland as several Scottish families crossed the border to live. He, along with others, eventually attended Anglican churches. John Turnbull's latter children were baptised in Anglican churches. This John Turnbull went on to being the Land Agent for the Earl of Liverpool in the little Shropshire settlement of Pitchford from the 1820s to the 1850s.
Turnbulls in the New World[edit]
Famed Confederate General Samuel McGowan (general)'s mother was a Turnbull. He commanded a brigade in A.P. Hill's famous 'Light Division' and was wounded several times. Ezra Warner's book, Generals in Gray claims that 'McGowan's career and reputation were not excelled by any other brigade commander in the Army of Northern Virginia.' His first cousin was Major Thomas Turnbull who was in charge of the battery that held its ground in the legendary Pickett's Charge. Thomas stayed loyal to the Union and was forever outcast from the rest of the family as 17 Turnbulls served for the Confederacy. Thomas survived the war and later was discharged from the army for being too favorable to the Southern whites duringReconstruction by the Radical Republicans under his chief and mentor Hancock who also was dismissed as the head of Reconstruction in Texas. He reportedly killed one cousin during Pickett's charge, making the Turnbull family the only one to have kin on both sides during the crucial battle, and actually faced off with one's regiment killing the other.
John B. Gordon's maternal grandmother was a Turnbull according to his book Reminiscences of the Civil War. He was first cousin to another General Sam McGowen In it he tells how his ancient Scottish warrior traits and instincts helped him become the leader of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Though he had no formal military education, he was to become the South's most daring of Generals rising from a Private to Lt.General. He has the remarkable achievement of never losing a battle or an attack that he led himself. He later became the Hero of Georgia and the most beloved man in the South after the Civil War. Robert E. Lee stated to many that General Gordon's courage was of the highest order and that with his quick, keen, shrewd intelligence made him the most brilliant and successful soldier in 1865. His first cousins the Turnbull family were the last of the 'First Family' during the Siege of Petersburg, and was the residence of Robert E. Lee for the last 13 weeks of the war. For their loyalty during the tough times Lee's family bible was given to Mrs. Turnbull who had three sons, one killed and two wounded in Lee's army of Northern Virginia. 17 Turnbulls fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War with 5 dying in combat (two of which in Picket's charge where family lore claims it was a Turnbull who jumped over the wall first, Jacob Turnbull 1st Sergeant for the 2nd Va was reported to be the highest ranking NCO to lead Regiment over the wall after all officers were either killed or wounded), 7 dying of disease and 5 others being wounded in combat. Lee's Family bible was returned by Scott V. Turnbull to R.E. Lee's son at Lee's funeral in 1870 per the Richmond Papers.
William Turnbull, a noted nineteenth-century American ornithologist, was born in Midlothian in 1820. Herbert Turnbull, who died in 1961, was a distinguished mathematician responsible for major contributions to the study of algebra.
Stephen Turnbull is an author who writes about medieval Japan and its people. He has had great success from his books selling over 6 million.
Douglas Myers-Turnbull is a scientist at the University of California, San Francisco working on zebrafish models for neuroactive drug discovery.
Other prominent Turnbulls[edit]
- Bill Turnbull, (journalist), born in Surrey, England, currently works for a radio station, Classic FM.
- George Turnbull, born near Perth in Scotland, was dubbed 'The first railway engineer of India', having been the Chief Engineer building some 500 miles of the first railway in the 1850s from Calcutta towards Delhi.
- Jonathan Trumbull Governor of Connecticut; his sons Joseph Trumbull, Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., and John Trumbull the painter; and the related poet John Trumbull
- Famed SAS Robert Blair Mayne (11 January 1915 – 14 December 1955), Nickname Paddy, Fathers'-mother was Maj. Gordon Turnbull's Great-Great-great Granddaughter
- Malcolm Turnbull, Australian politician and 29th Prime Minister of Australia
- Constance Mary Turnbull (1927-2008), Professor Emeritus, author of the definitive 'History of Singapore', and first woman recruited to the Malayan Civil Service
Castle[edit]
- Bedrule Castle
- Barnshills Castle
- Fulton Tower
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^myclan.com
- ^George F. Black; The Surnames of Scotland; 1946 New York Library; 1999 Birlinn Limited, Edinburgh; pp. 782
- ^myclan.com
- ^myclan.com
- ^myclan.com
- ^The book of days: a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar, including anecdote, biography, & history, curiosities of literature and oddities of human life and character, Volume 2 (Google eBook); Robert Chambers; W. & R. Chambers ltd., 1832; pp. 86; link
- ^Memorable events of modern history; John George Edgar; Allen, 1862; pp. 159; link
- ^The book of days: a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar, including anecdote, biography, & history, curiosities of literature and oddities of human life and character, Volume 2 (Google eBook); Robert Chambers; W. & R. Chambers ltd., 1832; pp. 86; link
- ^The boy's yearly book; John Tillotson; S.O. Beeton, 1863; pp. 40; link
- ^The book of days: a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar, including anecdote, biography, & history, curiosities of literature and oddities of human life and character, Volume 2 (Google eBook); Robert Chambers; W. & R. Chambers ltd., 1832; pp. 86; link
- ^Memorable events of modern history; John George Edgar; Allen, 1862; pp. 159; link
- ^myclan.com
- ^myclan.com
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clan_Turnbull&oldid=899713900'
(Redirected from Turnbull's Blue)
Names | |
---|---|
IUPAC name | |
Other names
| |
Identifiers | |
| |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL |
|
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.034.418 |
EC Number | 237-875-5 |
1093743 | |
UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard(EPA) | |
| |
| |
Properties | |
C18Fe7N18 | |
Molar mass | 859.239 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Blue opaque crystals |
Pharmacology | |
V03AB31 (WHO) | |
Oral | |
Hazards | |
Safety data sheet | MSDS prussian blue |
Related compounds | |
Other cations | Potassium ferrocyanide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
verify (what is ?) | |
Infobox references |
Prussian blue | |
---|---|
Color coordinates | |
Hex triplet | #003153 |
sRGBB (r, g, b) | (0, 49, 83) |
CMYKH (c, m, y, k) | (100, 41, 0, 67) |
HSV (h, s, v) | (205°, 100%, 32%) |
Source | [1] |
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred) |
Prussian blue is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. It has the chemical formula FeIII
4[FeII
(CN)
6]
3. Another name for the color is Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue. Turnbull's blue is the same substance, but is made from different reagents, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities.
4[FeII
(CN)
6]
3. Another name for the color is Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue. Turnbull's blue is the same substance, but is made from different reagents, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities.
Prussian blue was the first modern synthetic pigment. It is prepared as a very fine colloidal dispersion, because the compound is not soluble in water. It contains variable amounts[1] of other ions and its appearance depends sensitively on the size of the colloidal particles. The pigment is used in paints, and it is the traditional 'blue' in blueprints and aizuri-e (藍摺り絵) Japanese woodblock prints.
In medicine, orally administered Prussian blue is used as an antidote for certain kinds of heavy metal poisoning, e.g., by thallium(I) and radioactive isotopes of caesium. The therapy exploits the compound's ion-exchange properties and high affinity for certain 'soft' metal cations.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[2] Prussian blue lent its name to prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) derived from it. In German, hydrogen cyanide is called Blausäure ('blue acid'). French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac gave cyanide its name, from the Ancient Greek word κύανος (kyanos, 'blue'), because of the color of Prussian blue.
- 2Production
- 3Properties
- 4Use
History[edit]
The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai, a famous artwork which makes extensive use of Prussian blue
Prussian blue pigment is significant since it was the first stable and relatively lightfast blue pigment to be widely used following the loss of knowledge regarding the synthesis of Egyptian blue. European painters had previously used a number of pigments such as indigo dye, smalt, and Tyrian purple, which tend to fade, and the extremely expensive ultramarine made from lapis lazuli. Japanese painters and woodblock print artists, likewise, did not have access to a long-lasting blue pigment until they began to import Prussian blue from Europe.
Prussian blue Fe
7(CN)
18 (also (Fe
4[Fe(CN)
6]
3) · xH
2O) was probably synthesized for the first time by the paint maker Diesbach in Berlin around 1706.[3] Most historical sources do not mention a first name of Diesbach. Only Berger refers to him as Johann Jacob Diesbach.[4] The pigment is believed to have been accidentally created when Diesbach used potash tainted with blood to create some red cochineal dye. The original dye required potash, ferric sulfate, and dried cochineal. Instead, the blood, potash, and iron sulfate reacted to create a compound known as iron ferrocyanide, which, unlike the desired red pigment, has a very distinct blue hue.[5] It was named Preußisch blau and Berlinisch Blau in 1709 by its first trader.[6]
7(CN)
18 (also (Fe
4[Fe(CN)
6]
3) · xH
2O) was probably synthesized for the first time by the paint maker Diesbach in Berlin around 1706.[3] Most historical sources do not mention a first name of Diesbach. Only Berger refers to him as Johann Jacob Diesbach.[4] The pigment is believed to have been accidentally created when Diesbach used potash tainted with blood to create some red cochineal dye. The original dye required potash, ferric sulfate, and dried cochineal. Instead, the blood, potash, and iron sulfate reacted to create a compound known as iron ferrocyanide, which, unlike the desired red pigment, has a very distinct blue hue.[5] It was named Preußisch blau and Berlinisch Blau in 1709 by its first trader.[6]
The pigment replaced the expensive lapis lazuli and was an important topic in the letters exchanged between Johann Leonhard Frisch and the president of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, between 1708 and 1716.[6] It is first mentioned in a letter written by Frisch to Leibniz, from March 31, 1708. Not later than 1708, Frisch began to promote and sell the pigment across Europe. By August 1709, the pigment had been termed Preussisch blau; by November 1709, the German name Berlinisch Blau had been used for the first time by Frisch. Frisch himself is the author of the first known publication of Prussian blue in the paper Notitia Coerulei Berolinensis nuper inventi in 1710, as can be deduced from his letters. Diesbach had been working for Frisch since about 1701.
To date, the Entombment of Christ, dated 1709 by Pieter van der Werff (Picture Gallery, Sanssouci, Potsdam) is the oldest known painting where Prussian blue was used. Around 1710, painters at the Prussian court were already using the pigment. At around the same time, Prussian blue arrived in Paris, where Antoine Watteau and later his successors Nicolas Lancret and Jean-Baptiste Pater used it in their paintings.[3][7]
In 1731, Georg Ernst Stahl published an account of the first synthesis of Prussian blue.[8] The story involves not only Diesbach, but also Johann Konrad Dippel. Diesbach was attempting to create a red lake pigment from cochineal, but obtained the blue instead as a result of the contaminated potash he was using. He borrowed the potash from Dippel, who had used it to produce his 'animal oil'. No other known historical source mentions Dippel in this context. It is, therefore, difficult to judge the reliability of this story today. In 1724, the recipe was finally published by John Woodward.[9][10][11]
In 1752, French chemist Pierre J. Macquer made the important step of showing Prussian blue could be reduced to a salt of iron and a new acid, which could be used to reconstitute the dye.[12] The new acid, hydrogen cyanide, first isolated from Prussian blue in pure form and characterized in 1782 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele,[13] was eventually given the name Blausäure (literally 'blue acid') because of its derivation from Prussian blue, and in English became known popularly as Prussic acid. Cyanide, a colorless anion that forms in the process of making Prussian blue, derives its name from the Greek word for dark blue.
From the beginning of the 18th century, Prussian blue was the predominant uniform coat color worn by the infantry and artillery regiments of the Prussian Army.[14] As Dunkelblau (dark blue), this shade achieved a symbolic importance and continued to be worn by German soldiers for ceremonial and off-duty occasions until the outbreak of World War I, when it was superseded by greenish-gray field gray (Feldgrau).[15]
Production[edit]
Prussian blue is produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. These white solids have the formula M
2Fe[Fe(CN)
6] where M+
= Na+
or K+
. The iron in this material is all ferrous, hence the absence of deep color associated with the mixed valency. Oxidation of this white solid with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorate produces ferricyanide and affords Prussian blue.[16]
2Fe[Fe(CN)
6] where M+
= Na+
or K+
. The iron in this material is all ferrous, hence the absence of deep color associated with the mixed valency. Oxidation of this white solid with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorate produces ferricyanide and affords Prussian blue.[16]
A 'soluble' form, K[FeIIIFeII(CN)
6], which is really colloidal, can be made from potassium ferrocyanide and iron(III):
6], which is really colloidal, can be made from potassium ferrocyanide and iron(III):
- K+
+ Fe3+
+ [FeII(CN)
6]4−
→ KFeIII[FeII(CN)
6]
The similar reaction of potassium ferricyanide and iron(II) results in the same colloidal solution, because [FeIII(CN)
6]3−
is converted into ferrocyanide.
6]3−
is converted into ferrocyanide.
'Insoluble' Prussian blue is produced if, in the reactions above, an excess of Fe3+
is added:
is added:
- 4Fe3+
+ 3[FeII(CN)
6]4−
→ FeIII[FeIIIFeII(CN)
6]
3[17]
Despite the fact that it is prepared from cyanide salts, Prussian blue is not toxic because the cyanide groups are tightly bound to iron.[18] Other polymeric cyanometalates are similarly stable with low toxicity.[citation needed]
Turnbull's blue[edit]
Ferricyanide ion, used to make Turnbull's blue
In former times, the addition of iron(II) salts to a solution of ferricyanide was thought to afford a material different from Prussian blue. The product was traditionally named Turnbull's blue (TB). X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction methods have shown, though, that the structures of PB and TB are identical.[19][20] The differences in the colors for TB and PB reflect subtle differences in the methods of precipitation, which strongly affect particle size and impurity content.
Properties[edit]
Prussian blue is a microcrystalline blue powder. It is insoluble, but the crystallites tend to form a colloid. Such colloids can pass through fine filters.[1] Despite being one of the oldest known synthetic compounds, the composition of Prussian blue remained uncertain for many years. Its precise identification was complicated by three factors:
- Prussian blue is extremely insoluble, but also tends to form colloids
- Traditional syntheses tend to afford impure compositions
- Even pure Prussian blue is structurally complex, defying routine crystallographic analysis
Crystal structure[edit]
The chemical formula of insoluble Prussian blue is Fe
7(CN)
18 · xH
2O, where x = 14–16. The structure was determined by using IR spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and neutron crystallography. Since X-ray diffraction cannot easily distinguish carbon from nitrogen in the presence of heavier elements such as iron, the location of these lighter elements is deduced by spectroscopic means, as well as by observing the distances from the iron atom centers.
7(CN)
18 · xH
2O, where x = 14–16. The structure was determined by using IR spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and neutron crystallography. Since X-ray diffraction cannot easily distinguish carbon from nitrogen in the presence of heavier elements such as iron, the location of these lighter elements is deduced by spectroscopic means, as well as by observing the distances from the iron atom centers.
PB has a cubic lattice structure. Soluble PB crystals contain interstitial K+
ions; insoluble PB has interstitial water, instead.
In ideal insoluble PB crystals, the cubic framework is built from Fe(II)–C–N–Fe(III) sequences, with Fe(II)–carbon distances of 1.92 Å and Fe(III)–nitrogen distances of 2.03 Å. One-fourth of the sites of Fe(CN)
6 subunits are vacant (empty), leaving three such groups. The empty nitrogen sites are filled with water molecules, instead, which are coordinated to Fe(III).
ions; insoluble PB has interstitial water, instead.
In ideal insoluble PB crystals, the cubic framework is built from Fe(II)–C–N–Fe(III) sequences, with Fe(II)–carbon distances of 1.92 Å and Fe(III)–nitrogen distances of 2.03 Å. One-fourth of the sites of Fe(CN)
6 subunits are vacant (empty), leaving three such groups. The empty nitrogen sites are filled with water molecules, instead, which are coordinated to Fe(III).
The Fe(II) centers, which are low spin, are surrounded by six carbon ligands in an octahedral configuration. The Fe(III) centers, which are high spin, are octahedrally surrounded on average by 4.5 nitrogen atoms and 1.5 oxygen atoms (the oxygen from the six coordinated water molecules). Additional eight (interstitial) water molecules are present in the unit cell, either as isolated molecules or hydrogen bonded to the coordinated water.
The composition is notoriously variable due to the presence of lattice defects, allowing it to be hydrated to various degrees as water molecules are incorporated into the structure to occupy cation vacancies. The variability of Prussian blue's composition is attributable to its low solubility, which leads to its rapid precipitation without the time to achieve full equilibrium between solid and liquid.[21][22]
Color[edit]
Prussian blue pigment
Prussian blue is strongly colored and tends towards black and dark blue when mixed into oil paints. The exact hue depends on the method of preparation, which dictates the particle size. The intense blue color of Prussian blue is associated with the energy of the transfer of electrons from Fe(II) to Fe(III). Many such mixed-valence compounds absorb certain wavelengths of visible light resulting from intervalence charge transfer. In this case, orange-red light around 680 nanometers in wavelength is absorbed, and the reflected light appears blue as a result.
Like most high-chromapigments, Prussian blue cannot be accurately displayed on a computer display. PB is electrochromic—changing from blue to colorless upon reduction. This change is caused by reduction of the Fe(III) to Fe(II), eliminating the intervalence charge transfer that causes Prussian blue's color.
Use[edit]
Pigment[edit]
Vincent van Gogh's Starry Night uses Prussian and cerulean blue pigments
Because it is easily made, cheap, nontoxic, and intensely colored, Prussian blue has attracted many applications. It was adopted as a pigment very soon after its invention and was almost immediately widely used in oil, watercolor, and dyeing.[23] The dominant uses are for pigments: about 12,000 tonnes of Prussian blue are produced annually for use in black and bluish inks. A variety of other pigments also contain the material.[16]Engineer's blue and the pigment formed on cyanotypes—giving them their common name blueprints. Certain crayons were once colored with Prussian blue (later relabeled midnight blue). It is also a popular pigment in paints. Similarly, Prussian blue is the basis for laundry bluing.
In the late 1800s, RabbiGershon Henoch Leiner, the HasidicRebbe of Radzin, dyedtecheiles with prussian blue. Even though some have questioned its identity as techeiles because of its artificial production, and had Rabbi Leiner been aware of this he would have retracted from his position that his dye was techeiles,[24] others have disputed this and claimed that Rabbi Leiner would not have retracted.[25]
Nanoparticles of prussian blue are used as pigments in some cosmetics ingredients according to the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials.
Medicine[edit]
Prussian blue's ability to incorporate monovalent metallic cations (Me+) makes it useful as a sequestering agent for certain toxic heavy metals. Pharmaceutical-grade Prussian blue in particular is used for people who have ingested thallium (Tl+) or radioactivecaesium (134Cs+, 137Cs+) . According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, an adult male can eat at least 10 g of Prussian blue per day without serious harm. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has determined the '500-mg Prussian blue capsules, when manufactured under the conditions of an approved New Drug Application, can be found safe and effective therapy' in certain poisoning cases.[26] Radiogardase (Prussian blue in soluble capsules [27]) is a commercial product for the removal of caesium-137 from the intestine, so indirectly from the bloodstream by intervening in the enterohepatic circulation of caesium-137,[28] reducing the internal residency time (and exposure) by about two-thirds. In particular, it was used to absorb 137
Cs+
from those poisoned in the Goiânia accident.[1]
Cs+
from those poisoned in the Goiânia accident.[1]
Stain for iron[edit]
Prussian blue stain
Prussian blue is a common histopathology stain used by pathologists to detect the presence of iron in biopsy specimens, such as in bone marrow samples. The original stain formula, known historically (1867) as 'Perls' Prussian blue' after its inventor, German pathologist Max Perls (1843–1881), used separate solutions of potassium ferrocyanide and acid to stain tissue (these are now used combined, just before staining). Iron deposits in tissue then form the purple Prussian blue dye in place, and are visualized as blue or purple deposits.[29] The formula is also known as Perls' Prussian blue and (incorrectly) as Perl's Prussian blue.
By machinists and toolmakers[edit]
Engineer's blue, Prussian blue in an oily base, is the traditional material used for spotting metal surfaces such as surface plates and bearings for hand scraping. A thin layer of nondrying paste is applied to a reference surface and transfers to the high spots of the workpiece. The toolmaker then scrapes, stones, or otherwise removes the marked high spots. Prussian blue is preferable because it will not abrade the extremely precise reference surfaces as many ground pigments may.
In analytical chemistry[edit]
Prussian blue is formed in the Prussian blue assay for total phenols. Samples and phenolic standards are given acidic ferric chloride and ferricyanide, which is reduced to ferrocyanide by the phenols. The ferric chloride and ferrocyanide react to form Prussian blue. Comparing the absorbance at 700 nm of the samples to the standards allows for the determination of total phenols or polyphenols.[30][31]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcDunbar, K. R. & Heintz, R. A. (1997). Chemistry of Transition Metal Cyanide Compounds: Modern Perspectives. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. 45. pp. 283–391. doi:10.1002/9780470166468.ch4. ISBN9780470166468.
- ^'WHO Model List of Essential Medicines'(PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ abBartoll, Jens. 'The early use of prussian blue in paintings'(PDF). 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25–30 May 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^Berger, J. E. (c.1730) Kerrn aller Fridrichs=Städtschen Begebenheiten. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Handschriftenabteilung, Ms. Boruss. quart. 124.
- ^Finlay, Victoria (2014). The Brilliant History of Color in Art. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 86–87. ISBN978-1606064290.
- ^ abFrisch, J. L. (1896) Briefwechsel mit Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz L. H. Fischer (ed.), Berlin, Stankiewicz Buchdruck, reprint Hildesheim/New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1976
- ^Bartoll, J.; Jackisch, B.; Most, M.; Wenders de Calisse, E.; Vogtherr, C. M. (2007). 'Early Prussian Blue. Blue and green pigments in the paintings by Watteau, Lancret and Pater in the collection of Frederick II of Prussia'. Techné. 25: 39–46.
- ^Stahl, G. E. (1731) Experimenta, Observationes, Animadversiones CCC Numero, Chymicae et Physicae. Berlin. pp. 281–283.
- ^Woodward, J. (1724–1725). 'Praeparatio coerulei Prussiaci es Germanica missa ad Johannem Woodward.' [Preparation of Prussian blue sent from Germany to John Woodward...]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 33 (381): 15–17. doi:10.1098/rstl.1724.0005.
- ^Brown, John (1724–1725). 'Observations and Experiments upon the Foregoing Preparation'. Philosophical Transactions. 33 (381): 17–24. Bibcode:1724RSPT...33...17B. doi:10.1098/rstl.1724.0006. JSTOR103734.. The recipe was subsequently published in Geoffroy, Étienne-François (1727) 'Observations sur la Preparation de Bleu de Prusse ou Bleu de Berlin,' Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences année 1725. Paris. pp. 153–172.
- ^Lowengard, Sarah (2008) Chapter 23: Prussian Blue in The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN0231124546.
- ^Macquer, Pierre-Joseph (1752) 'Éxamen chymique de bleu de Prusse,'Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences année 1752 ... (Paris, 1756), pp. 60–77. This article was reviewed in 'Sur le bleu de Prusse,'Histoire de l'Académie royale des Sciences... (1752), (Paris, 1756), pp. 79–85.
- ^Scheele, Carl W. (1782) 'Försök, beträffande det färgande ämnet uti Berlinerblå' (Experiment concerning the coloring substance in Berlin blue), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar (Royal Swedish Academy of Science's Proceedings), 3: 264–275 (in Swedish). Reprinted in Latin as: 'De materia tingente caerulei berolinensis' in: Carl Wilhelm Scheele with Ernst Benjamin Gottlieb Hebenstreit (ed.) and Gottfried Heinrich Schäfer (trans.), Opuscula Chemica et Physica (Leipzig ('Lipsiae'), (Germany): Johann Godfried Müller, 1789), vol. 2, pages 148–174.
- ^Haythornthwaite, Philip (1991) Frederick the Great's Army – Infantry. Bloomsbury USA. p. 14. ISBN1855321602
- ^Bull, Stephen (2000) World War One: German Army. Brassey's. pp. 8–10. ISBN1-85753-271-6
- ^ abVölz, Hans G. et al. (2006) 'Pigments, Inorganic' in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2.
- ^Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman: Inorganic chemistry, p.1444. Academic Press, 2001; Google books
- ^Journal of Toxicology, Suicide Attempt by Ingestion of Potassium Ferricyanide
- ^Ozeki, Toru.; Matsumoto, Koichi.; Hikime, Seiichiro. (1984). 'Photoacoustic spectra of prussian blue and photochemical reaction of ferric ferricyanide'. Analytical Chemistry. 56 (14): 2819. doi:10.1021/ac00278a041.
- ^Izatt, Reed M.; Watt, Gerald D.; Bartholomew, Calvin H.; Christensen, James J. (1970). 'Calorimetric study of Prussian blue and Turnbull's blue formation'. Inorganic Chemistry (Submitted manuscript). 9 (9): 2019. doi:10.1021/ic50091a012.
- ^Herren, F.; Fischer, P.; Ludi, A.; Haelg, W. (1980). 'Neutron diffraction study of Prussian Blue, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·xH2O. Location of water molecules and long-range magnetic order'. Inorganic Chemistry. 19 (4): 956. doi:10.1021/ic50206a032.
- ^Lundgren, C. A.; Murray, Royce W. (1988). 'Observations on the composition of Prussian blue films and their electrochemistry'. Inorganic Chemistry. 27 (5): 933. doi:10.1021/ic00278a036.
- ^Berrie, Barbara H. (1997). 'Prussian Blue'. In Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of their History and Characteristics, E. W. FitzHugh (ed.). Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. ISBN0894682563.
- ^see Tekhelet#Sepia officinalis
- ^'Wayback Machine'. web.archive.org. 8 April 2008.
- ^'Questions and Answers on Prussian Blue'. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^Radiogardase: Package insert with formulaArchived 2011-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Heyltex Corporation – ToxicologyArchived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Formula for Perls' Prussian blue stain. Accessed April 2, 2009.
- ^'Tannin Chemistry'(PDF).(1.41 MB)Accessed December 19, 2009
- ^Stabilization of the Prussian blue color in the determination of polyphenols. Horace D. Graham, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1992, volume 40, issue 5, pages 801–805, doi:10.1021/jf00017a018
External links[edit]
- Prussian blue, ColourLex
- Kraft, Alexander (2008). 'On the discovery and history of Prussian blue'(PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem.33 (2): 61–67.
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